The Shoshone are a Native American tribe, who originated in the western Great Basin and spread north and east into present-day Idaho and Wyoming. By 1500, some Eastern Shoshone had crossed the Rocky Mountains into the Great Plains. Native American identity is a complex and contested issue. The Bureau of Indian Affairs defines Native American as having American Indian or Alaska Native ancestry. Legally, being Native American is defined as being enrolled in a federally recognized tribe or Alaskan village. Ethnologically, factors such as culture, history, language, religion.

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The Shoshone or Shoshoni (/ʃoʊˈʃoʊniː/(listen) or /ʃəˈʃoʊniː/(listen)) are a Native American tribe with four large cultural/linguistic divisions:

• Eastern Shoshone: Wyoming
• Northern Shoshone: southern Idaho
• Western Shoshone: Nevada, northern Utah
• Goshute: western Utah, eastern Nevada

They traditionally speak the Shoshoni language, part of the Numic languages branch of the large Uto-Aztecan language family. The Shoshone were sometimes called the Snake Indians by neighboring tribes and early American explorers.^[2]

Their peoples have become members of federally recognized tribes throughout their traditional areas of settlement, often co-located with the Northern Paiute people of the Great Basin.

Etymology[edit]

The name 'Shoshone' comes from Sosoni, a Shoshone word for high-growing grasses. Some neighboring tribes call the Shoshone 'Grass House People,' based on their traditional homes made from sosoni. Shoshones call themselves Newe, meaning 'People.'^[2]

Meriwether Lewis recorded the tribe as the 'Sosonees or snake Indians' in 1805.^[2]

Language[edit]

The Shoshoni language is spoken by approximately 1,000 people today.^[1] It belongs to the Central Numic branch of the Uto-Aztecan language family. Speakers are scattered from central Nevada to central Wyoming.^[1]

The largest numbers of Shoshoni speakers live on the federally recognized Duck Valley Indian Reservation, located on the border of Nevada and Idaho; and Goshute Reservation in Utah. Idaho State University also offers Shoshoni-language classes.^[1]

History[edit]

The Shoshone are a Native American tribe, who originated in the western Great Basin and spread north and east into present-day Idaho and Wyoming. By 1500, some Eastern Shoshone had crossed the Rocky Mountains into the Great Plains. After 1750, warfare and pressure from the Blackfoot, Crow, Lakota, Cheyenne, and Arapaho pushed Eastern Shoshone south and westward. Some of them moved as far south as Texas, emerging as the Comanche by 1700.^[2]

As more European-American settlers migrated west, tensions rose with the indigenous people over competition for territory and resources. Wars occurred throughout the second half of the 19th century. The Northern Shoshone, led by Chief Pocatello, fought during the 1860s against settlers in Idaho (where the city Pocatello was named for him). As more settlers encroached on Shoshone hunting territory, the natives raided farms and ranches for food and attacked immigrants.

The warfare resulted in the Bear River Massacre (1863) when US forces attacked and killed an estimated 410 Northwestern Shoshone, who were at their winter encampment. A large number of the dead were non-combatants, including children, deliberately killed by the soldiers. This was the highest number of deaths which the Shoshone suffered at the hands of United States forces.

During the American Civil War travelers continued to migrate westward along the Westward Expansion Trails. When the Shoshone, along with the Utes participated in attacks on the mail route that ran west out of Fort Laramie, the mail route had to be relocated south of the trail through Wyoming.^[3]

Allied with the Bannock, to whom they were related, the Shoshone fought against the United States in the Snake War from 1864 to 1868. They fought US forces together in 1878 in the Bannock War. In 1876, by contrast, the Shoshone fought alongside the U.S. Army in the Battle of the Rosebud against their traditional enemies, the Lakota and Cheyenne.

In 1879 a band of approximately 300 Eastern Shoshone (known as 'Sheepeaters') became involved in the Sheepeater Indian War. It was the last Indian war fought in the Pacific Northwest region of the present-day United States.

In 1911 a small group of Bannock under a leader named Mike Daggett, also known as 'Shoshone Mike,' killed four ranchers in Washoe County, Nevada.^[4] The settlers formed a posse and went out after the Native Americans. They caught up with the Bannock band on February 26, 1911 and killed eight. They lost one man of the posse, Ed Hogle.^[5] The posse captured three children and a woman.

A rancher donated the partial remains of three adult males, two adult females, two adolescent males, and three children (believed to be Shoshone Mike and his family, according to contemporary accounts) to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC for study. In 1994, the institution repatriated the remains to the Fort Hall Idaho Shoshone-Bannock Tribe.^[6]

In 2008 the Northwestern Band of the Shoshone Nation acquired the site of the Bear River Massacre and some surrounding land. They wanted to protect the holy land and to build a memorial to the massacre, the largest their nation had suffered. 'In partnership with the American West Heritage Center and state leaders in Idaho and Utah, the tribe has developed public/private partnerships to advance tribal cultural preservation and economic development goals.' They have become a leader in developing tribal renewable energy.^[7]

Historical population[edit]

In 1845 the estimated population of Northern and Western Shoshone was 4,500, much reduced after they had suffered infectious diseaseepidemics and warfare. The completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad in 1869 was followed by European-American immigrants arriving in unprecedented numbers in the territory.

In 1937 the Bureau of Indian Affairs counted 3,650 Northern Shoshone and 1,201 Western Shoshone. As of the 2000 census, some 12,000 persons identified as Shoshone.

Bands[edit]

Shoshone people are divided into traditional bands based both on their homelands and primary food sources. Beamng drive download android mobile apk. These include:

• Eastern Shoshone people:

• Guchundeka', Kuccuntikka, Buffalo Eaters^[2][8]
• Tukkutikka, Tukudeka, Mountain Sheep Eaters, joined the Northern Shoshone^[8]
• Boho'inee', Pohoini, Pohogwe, Sage Grass people, Sagebrush Butte People^[2][8][9]

• Northern Shoshone people:

• Agaideka, Salmon Eaters, Lemhi, Snake River and Lemhi River Valley^[9][10]
• Doyahinee', Mountain people^[2]
• Kammedeka, Kammitikka, Jack Rabbit Eaters, Snake River, Great Salt Lake^[9]
• Hukundüka, Porcupine Grass Seed Eaters, Wild Wheat Eaters, possibly synonymous with Kammitikka^[9][11]
• Tukudeka, Dukundeka', Sheep Eaters (Mountain Sheep Eaters), Sawtooth Range, Idaho^[9][10]
• Yahandeka, Yakandika, Groundhog Eaters, lower Boise, Payette, and Wiser Rivers^[9][10]

• Western Shoshone people:

• Kusiutta, Goshute (Gosiute), Great Salt Desert and Great Salt Lake, Utah^[11]

• Cedar Valley Goshute
• Deep Creek Goshute
• Rush Valley Goshute
• Skull Valley Goshute, Wipayutta, Weber Ute^[11]
• Tooele Valley Goshute
• Trout Creek Goshute^[11]

• Kuyatikka, Kuyudikka, Bitterroot Eaters, Halleck, Mary's River, Clover Valley, Smith Creek Valley, Nevada^[11]
• Mahaguadüka, Mentzelia Seed Eaters, Ruby Valley, Nevada^[11]
• Painkwitikka, Penkwitikka, Fish Eaters, Cache Valley, Idaho and Utah^[11]
• Pasiatikka, Redtop Grass Eaters, Deep Creek Gosiute, Deep Creek Valley, Antelope Valley^[11]
• Tipatikka, Pinenut Eaters, northernmost band^[11]
• Tsaiduka, Tule Eaters, Railroad Valley, Nevada^[11]
• Tsogwiyuyugi, Elko, Nevada^[11]
• Waitikka, Ricegrass Eaters, Ione Valley, Nevada^[11]
• Watatikka, Ryegrass Seed Eaters, Ruby Valley, Nevada^[11]
• Wiyimpihtikka, Buffalo Berry Eaters^[11]

Reservations and Indian colonies[edit]

• Battle Mountain Reservation, Lander County, Nevada. Current reservation population is 165 and total tribal enrollment is 516.
• Big Pine Reservation, central Owens Valley, Inyo County, California; Owens Valley Paiute Shoshone
• Bishop Community of the Bishop Colony, northern Owens Valley, Inyo County, California;
• Death Valley Indian Community, Furnace Creek, Death Valley National Park, California; Timbisha Shoshone
• Duck Valley Indian Reservation, southern Idaho/northern Nevada, (Western) Shoshone-Paiute Tribes
• Duckwater Indian Reservation, located in Duckwater, Nevada, approximately 75 miles (121 km) from Ely.
• Elko Indian Colony, Elko County, Nevada
• Ely Shoshone Indian Reservation in Ely, Nevada, 111 acres (0.45 km²), 500 members
• Fallon Paiute-Shoshone Reservation near Fallon, Nevada, 8,200 acres (33 km²), 991 members, Western Shoshone and Paiute
• Fort Hall Indian Reservation, 544,000 acres (2,201 km²) in Idaho, Lemhi Shoshone with the Bannock Indians, a Paiute band with which they have merged
• Fort McDermitt Indian Reservation, Nevada and Oregon, Fort McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone Tribe
• Goshute Indian Reservation, 111,000 acres (449 km²) in Nevada and Utah, Western Shoshone
• Lemhi Indian Reservation (1875–1907) in Idaho, Lemhi Shoshone, removed to Fort Hall Reservation
• Lone Pine Community of the Lone Pine Reservation, lower Owens Valley, Inyo County, California; Owens Valley Paiute Shoshone
• Northwestern Shoshone Indian Reservation, Utah, Northwestern Band of Shoshone Nation of Utah (Washakie)^[12]
• Reno-Sparks Indian Colony, Nevada, 1988 acres (8 km²), total 481 members of Shoshone, Paiute, and Washoe bands
• Skull Valley Indian Reservation, 18,000 acres (73 km²) in Utah, Western Shoshone
• South Fork Odgers Ranch Indian Colony, Elko County, Nevada
• Wells Indian Colony, Elko County, Nevada
• Wind River Reservation, population 2,650 Eastern Shoshone, 2,268,008 acres (9,178 km²) of reservation in Wyoming are shared with the Northern Arapaho

Notable Shoshone people[edit]

• Sacagawea (1788–1812), Lemhi Shoshone guide of the Lewis and Clark Expedition
• Jean Baptiste Charbonneau (1805–1866) son of Sacagawea, explorer, guide, military scout
• Cameahwait, chief in the early 19th century
• Bear Hunter (d. 1863), war chief
• Ned Blackhawk (b. ca. 1970), historian and professor at Yale
• Lolly Vegas, lead singer of Redbone (band)
• Taboo (rapper), member of the Black Eyed Peas (Shoshone grandmother)

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

1. ^ ^abcd'Shoshoni.'Ethnologue. Retrieved 20 Oct 2013.
2. ^ ^abcdefghLoether, Christopher. 'Shoshones.'Encyclopedia of the Great Plains. Retrieved 20 Oct 2013.
3. ^Hogland, Alison K. Army Architecture in the West: Forts Laramie, Bridger, and D.A. Russell, 1849–1912. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 18.
4. ^America's Last Indian BattleArchived August 23, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
5. ^'Policeman Edward Hogle'. The Officer Down Memorial Page. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30.
6. ^NMNH – Repatriation Office – Reports – Great Basin – Nevada
7. ^'Tribe remembers nation's largest massacre', Indian Country Times, 10 Mar 2008, accessed 6 Mar 2010
8. ^ ^abcShimkin 335
9. ^ ^abcdefMurphy and Murphy 306
10. ^ ^abcMurphy and Murphy 287
11. ^ ^{abcdefghijklmn}Thomas, Pendleton, and Cappannari 280–283
12. ^'Northwestern Band of Shoshone Tribal Profile.'Archived 2013-04-04 at the Wayback MachineUtah Division of Indian Affairs. Retrieved 23 Dec 2012.

References[edit]

• Murphy, Robert A., and Yolanda Murphy. 'Northern Shoshone and Bannock.' Warren L. d'Azevedo, volume editor. Handbook of North American Indians: Great Basin, Volume 11. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1986: 284–307. ISBN978-0-16-004581-3.
• Shimkin, Demitri B. 'Eastern Shoshone.' Warren L. d'Azevedo, volume editor. Handbook of North American Indians: Great Basin, Volume 11. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1986: 308–335. ISBN978-0-16-004581-3.
• Thomas, David H., Lorann S.A. Pendleton, and Stephen C. Cappannari. 'Western Shoshone.' Warren L. d'Azevedo, volume editor. Handbook of North American Indians: Great Basin, Volume 11. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1986: 262–283. ISBN978-0-16-004581-3.

Further reading[edit]

• Gould, Drusilla & Loether, Christopher (2002). An introduction to the Shoshoni language: dammen da̲igwape. University of Utah Press. ISBN9780874807295.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
• Bial Raymond (2002). The Shoshone. ISBN9780761412113.

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External links[edit]

The Shoshone Indians on the East and West of the Rocky Mountains were one in the same, but they were very different in the ways of life. They covered parts of California, California, Idaho, Nevada, Utah, and Wyoming. The northern group of the Shoshone Indians were the Shoshoni. They had settled along the Snake River in Utah. The Western group, sometimes called the Panamint, lived in central Idaho, northwestern Utah, central Nevada, and in California around the Death and Panamint Valleys. The Eastern Shoshone's lived in northern Colorado, Wyoming, and Montana but had conflicts with the neighboring tribes. Around 1750, the eastern Shoshone Indian conflicts with the Lakota, Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Arapahos, and Crow tribes shoved them southwest.

The introduction of the horse to the western Shoshone Indians in the 1700'smade life much easier for the tribe. They were able to hunt larger prey and starttrading. Although they were not afraid to fight, they stayed clear of their fierceenemies, the Pocatello and Crow Indians. The Treaty of Ruby Valley was a peacetreaty that was signed in 1863 granting the U.S. to establish permanent reservationsfor the western Shoshone Indians on their territory. It also allowed the governmentrights of way and mining rights with in the land.
Since Sacajawea's contact with Lewis and Clark the eastern Shoshone Indianswere friendly towards the Americans. They signed many treaties starting withthe commonly know Five State Treaty.
As the white settlers began moving up to the Great Salt Lake in 1862, they hadtaken over the Cache Valley. The Shoshone Indians of the north fought back byattacking the mining parties going to and from Montana and raiding the herds. Their aggression came to an end when Colonel Patrick Edward Connor leadthe attack known as the Bear River Massacre in late January 1863. At least 250Shoshone Indians were killed, leaving the rest to sign the Treaty of Box elderin order to bring peace to the nation.

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